1
A loan creates an obligation to return the thing or its agreed equivalent according to the nature of the transaction.
2
A pledge gives security; it does not automatically transfer ownership. The creditor shall preserve the pledged thing and account for its lawful disposition.
3
A guarantor becomes liable only within the obligation actually guaranteed.
4
Payment extinguishes debt to the extent paid. A creditor shall not collect twice by retaining both full payment and security beyond what the agreement permits.
5
Usurious increase is treated separately in the penal and moral provisions and shall not be hidden inside fabricated fees.
6
Settlement is valid when voluntary, informed, and supported by a genuine disputed or enforceable claim. Coerced settlement may be examined.
7
Receipts, witnesses, records, and acknowledgment protect both debtor and creditor from later falsehood.